HTML & CSS Introduction

Lesson 1: HTML Introduction

Objective: 

Introduce HTML as the fundamental markup language for web development.

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, forms the backbone of web pages. It provides the structure and organization for content on the internet.

 Understanding the structure of HTML

HTML documents consist of elements, which are represented by tags enclosed in angle brackets (`< >`). These elements form the building blocks of a webpage, organizing content into headers, paragraphs, lists, etc.

 Tags, elements, and attributes

•  Tags: HTML uses tags to define elements. They come in pairs - opening (`<tag>`) and closing (`</tag>`), wrapping content to apply specific formatting or functionality.
•  Elements: Combination of tags and content make up elements. For instance, `<p>` is the tag for paragraphs, making `<p>This is a paragraph.</p>` an element.
•  Attributes: Additional information within tags that modify elements. For example, `<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">`, where `src` and `alt` are attributes.

 Semantic HTML and its importance

Semantic HTML refers to using tags that convey meaning beyond just presentation. It enhances accessibility and SEO while making the code more readable.

 Lesson 2: HTML Elements-1

Objective: 

To dive deeper into HTML elements and their functionalities.

 Text, formatting, and semantic elements

- Text elements like headings (`<h1>` to `<h6>`), paragraphs (`<p>`), and emphasis (`<em>`, `<strong>`) aid in structuring content.

- Formatting elements like `<b>`, `<i>`, `<u>` are used for bold, italic, and underline respectively.

- Semantic elements like `<header>`, `<footer>`, `<nav>`, `<article>` offer meaning to different sections of a webpage.

 Lists, links, and images

- Lists: Ordered (`<ol>`) and unordered (`<ul>`) lists, along with list items (`<li>`), organize content.

- Links: `<a>` tag creates hyperlinks, connecting different webpages or sections within a page.

- Images: `<img>` tag embeds images, enhancing visual content.

 Tables and forms

- Tables (`<table>`, `<tr>`, `<td>`) structure data in rows and columns, ideal for organizing information.

- Forms (`<form>`, `<input>`, `<textarea>`, `<button>`) facilitate user interaction by collecting data.

 Lesson 3: HTML Elements-2

Objective:

Explore advanced HTML elements and their usage to enhance web development capabilities.

 Multimedia Elements: `<audio>` and `<video>`

HTML5 introduces `<audio>` and `<video>` elements to seamlessly integrate multimedia content into web pages. These elements support various formats (MP3, Ogg, WebM, etc.) and provide native playback controls.

Usage and Embedding: 

  - `<audio>`: Embedding audio files for music, podcasts, or voice clips.

  - `<video>`: Embedding video content like tutorials, presentations, or entertainment videos.

```html

<audio controls>

  <source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">

  Your browser does not support the audio element.

</audio>

<video controls width="480">

  <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">

  Your browser does not support the video element.

</video>

```

 HTML5 Canvas

The `<canvas>` element provides a platform for creating dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes, graphics, animations, and bitmap images within the browser.

Applications:

  - Graphics & Animations: Creating interactive animations, charts, diagrams, and visual effects.

  - Games Development: Building 2D games using JavaScript to manipulate canvas elements.

```html

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="400" height="200"></canvas>

```

```javascript

const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');

const context = canvas.getContext('2d');

// Draw a rectangle

context.fillStyle = 'red';

context.fillRect(50, 50, 100, 80);

// Draw a circle

context.beginPath();

context.arc(300, 100, 50, 0, 2  Math.PI);

context.fillStyle = 'blue';

context.fill();

```

 Integration of HTML with CSS

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) plays a pivotal role in controlling the presentation, layout, and visual aesthetics of HTML elements. 

 Linking CSS to HTML:

  - External Stylesheet: Linking an external CSS file to an HTML document using the `<link>` tag.

  - Internal Stylesheet: Embedding CSS rules within the `<style>` tag in the HTML document.

```html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

  <title>HTML CSS Integration</title>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

</head>

<body>

  <h1>Welcome</h1>

  <p>This is an example of HTML and CSS integration.</p>

</body>

</html>

```

 Importance of Integration:

•  Styling and Layout: Controlling font styles, colors, layouts, and responsive design.
•  Consistency: Ensuring a consistent look and feel across the website or application.
•  User Experience Enhancement: Improving readability, accessibility, and visual appeal.

 Lesson 4: CSS Introduction

Objective: 

Introduce CSS for styling and presentation of HTML content.

 Selectors, properties, and values in CSS

- Selectors: Identify HTML elements to apply styles selectively.

- Properties: Define the aspects of an element to style (e.g., `color`, `font-size`, `margin`).

- Values: Specific settings applied to properties (e.g., `red` for color, `20px` for font size).

 CSS box model

- The box model defines an element's layout: content, padding, border, and margin. Understanding this model is crucial for precise positioning and sizing of elements on a webpage.

 Layouts and positioning

- CSS enables various layout techniques (e.g., Flexbox, Grid) and positioning methods (e.g., relative, absolute) to arrange and position elements, creating responsive and visually appealing web layouts.

By mastering HTML's structure and CSS's styling capabilities, developers can create engaging and well-structured web content. This understanding forms the foundation for building rich and user-friendly web experiences.